Biology II
Daily Topics Covered in Class
Chapter 1, pages 1-5
biology, theme, biosphere, reductionism, photosynthesis, cell, Cell Theory, energy,
atom, molecule, organelle, tissue, organ, organ system, population, community,
environment, ecosystem, biotic, abiotic, evolution, holism, emergent properties, organism,
Chapter 1, pages 5-8
cell, division of labor, organelles, organs, systems, tissues, ecosystem,
prokaryotic, eukaryotic, DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, genes, biological modeling,
cycling of nutrients, energy-flow from the sun, energy, cell membrane, cell
wall, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, lysosomes,
vacuoles
Chapter 1, pages 8-14
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix, protein, amino acids, genome,
bioinformatics, enzymes, bio-feedback, positive bio-feedback, negative
biofeedback, evolution, taxonomy, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, species, variety, breed, Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya,
Chapter 1, pages 14-18
Charles Darwin, evolution, "descent with modification", natural selection,
adaptations, science, supernatural, observations, naturalist, descriptive
science, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, hypothesis,
Chapter 1, pages 19-24
controlled experiment, variable, manipulated variable, independent variable,
responding variable, dependent variable, control variable, control group,
experimental group, biotic, abiotic, biosphere, theory, technology, emergent
properties, correlation, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, discovery
science, descriptive science, naturalist, hypothesis, control group,
experimental group, replication, engineers
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Chapter 33B pages 684-685
arthropods, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, cuticle, chitin, protein, molting,
hemolymph, chelicerae, mandibles, compound eye, simple eye, phylum, Trilobita,
Chelicerata, Uniramia, Crustacea, chelicerates
Chapter 33B pages 685-687
tracheal system, ducts, cuticle, pores, spiracles, cheliceriforms, chelicerae,
arachnids, scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites, Horseshoe Crab, marine, spinnerets,
silk, mandibles, millipedes, centipedes, diplopoda, chilopoda
Chapter 33B pages 688-691
Hexapoda, insects, entomology, excretion, kidneys, Malpighian tubules, ganglion,
cerebral ganglia, complete metamorphosis, incomplete metamorphosis, nymphs,
larva, pupa, maggot, grub, metamorphosis, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera,
Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera
Chapter 33B page 692
crustaceans, isopods, copepods, decapods, appendage, regeneration, lice, calcium
carbonate, cuticle, crayfish, sessile, motile, plankton, pillbug, shrimp,
rollie-pollie, lobster, crabs
Chapter 33B article "Insects That Sting"
allergies, hymenoptera, stinger, ovipositor, honey bee, anaphylactic shock,
localized reaction, systemic reaction, hives, pallor, CDC, epinephrine,
adrenaline, hypersensitivity, pyrethrin, chrysanthemum, insecticide, repellent,
DEET
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Chapter 6, pages 94-96
cell, compound light microscope, refraction, magnification, resolving power,
resolution, light, wavelength, Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, organelles, electron microscope, SEM, TEM, depth of field, metabolism
Chapter 6, pages 97-99
fractionation, centrifuge, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, cell membrane, plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, proteins, RNA, genes, bacteria, surface area
to volume ratio, cytology, biochemistry, biological membranes
Chapter 6, pages 99-104
nucleus, eukaryotic cell, genetics, genes, mitochondria, chloroplast, chromatin,
chromosomes, sex cells, gametes, sperm, egg, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA,
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), glycogen, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, phagocytosis, hydrolytic enzymes, white blood cells, phospholipids,
nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus
Chapter 6, pages 105-111
vacuoles, food vacuole, contractile vacuole, central vacuole, respiration,
photosynthesis, glucose, mitochondrion, chloroplast, cellular respiration,
catabolic, anabolic, metabolic, amyloplast, chromoplast, pseudopodia, white blood cells
Chapter 6, pages 112-122
plasma membrane, cell membrane, cell wall, cellulose, polysaccharide, pectin,
wood, collagen, tight junctions, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, actin, myosin,
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Chapter 27 pp. 556-558
biomass, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, competition, normal flora, flatulence, Monera,
Eubacteria, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, extant, extinct, Arahaea,
Domain, Kingdom, coccus, bacillus, spirillum, cell mambrane, cell wall,
antibiotics, peptidoglycan, hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic, cellulose, Gram
stain, gram positive, gram negative
Chapter 27 pp. 558-562
flagellum, flagells, nucleoid region, conjugation, transduction, transformaton,
Frederick Griffith, geometric growth, sigmoid growth curve, carrying capacity,
pathogenic, gram-positive, gram-negative, capsule, pili, taxis, tropism,
chromosome, genophore, binary fission, mutation, culture, growth,
lipposaccharides, antibiotics, peptidoglycan, protein
Chapter 27 pp. 563-564
antibiotic resistance, capsule,
autoclave, vegetative growth, antibiotics, phototroph, heterotroph, chemotroph,
autotroph, photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, carbon, nonbiodegradable, endospores,
photosynthesis, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia
Chapter 27 pp. 565, 1233, 1236
nitrogen, proteins, nucleic acids, nitrogen fixation, ammonia, nitrates,
nitrites, fertilizer, legumes, Rhizobium, obligate aerobes, faculative
aerobes, oxygen, obligate anaerobes, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration,
, cyanobacteria, reducing environment, oxidizing environment,
nitrification, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, denitrification
Chapter 27 pp. 565-569
biofilms,
prokaryotic, domain, Archaea, Bacteria, extremophiles, methanogens, methane gas,
greenhouse effect, halophile, thermophile, clade, Rhizobium, legumes,
rikettsia, Nitrosommas, nitrogen-recycling, nitrates, nitrites, Eukarya, nongonococcal
urethritis, chlamydias, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycetes, "silent epidemic"
Chapter 27 pp. 570-571
toxins, Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, dog tick, deer tick,
sulfur bacteria, hydrogen sulfide, Escherichia coli, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, recombinant DNA
technology, clade, decomposers, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism,
host, symbiont, parasite
Chapter 27 pp. 571-573
penicillin, cheese,
prokaryote, pathogenic, parasite, normal flora, opportunistic infection, Koch's
postulates, exotoxins, endotoxins, traveler's diarrhea, E. coli,
bioremediation, germ theory, Robert Koch, stromatolites
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Chapter 19 pp. 381-383
Tobacco Mosaic virus, virus, filterable virus, Dimitri Ivanowsky, Martinus
Beijerinck, genome, protein coat, capsid, viral envelope,
phage, bacteriophage, obligate intracellular parasite, host range, tissue
specific, sheath, baseplate, genetic material, viral coat
Chapter 19 pp. 384-386
genome, phage, lytic cycle, host, parasite, temperate, virulent, restriction
enzyme, viral envelope, obligate intracellular parasite, host range, parasite, herpesvirus, provirus, nucleic acid, bacteriophage, lysis, replication,
chromosome, provirus, virulent, temperate virus
Chapter 19 pp. 386-391
lysogenic cycle, lytic cycle, temperate phage, prophage,
retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, HIV, AIDS, immunodeficiency, syndrome,
antibodies, vaccine, smallpox, Edward Jenner, cowpox, antibiotics, herpes virus,
provirus, immune system, flu, RNA, DNA, variants, proteins
Chapter 19 pp. 391-394
retrovirus, transcriptase, HIV, HTLV, AIDS, AIDS "cocktail", Ebola, SARS, West
Nile, epidemic, pandemic, vaccine, antibiotics, antivirals, flu, viroids, prions, enzymes, antibodies,
AZT, acyclovir, variants, strains, mad cow disease
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Chapter 31 pages 636-637
decomposers, nutrients, eukaryotic, absorption, extracellular digestion,
extracellular enzymes, hydrolytic, exoenzymes, saprobic, hypha, hyphae,
mycelium, mycelia, septa, chitin, polysaccharide, Armllia ostoyae, spore,
mycology, haustoria
Chapter 31, pages 638-644
Zygomycetes, -mycete, terrestrial, aquatic, mycorrhizae, mating types,
mutualistic, symbiosis, Rhizopus sp., sporangium, spores, rhizoids,
gametangia, zygospore, meiosis, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction
Chapter 31, pages 644-647
Ascomycota, lichen, Basidiomycota, fairy ring, yeast, ascus, asci, conidia, club
fungi, lignin, smut, rust, basidiocarp, mushroom, bracket fungi, toadstool
Chapter 31, pages 648-651
deuteromycetes, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, yeast, lichen,
pioneer species, desiccation, indicator species, mycorrhizae, ethylene,
Athlete's Foot, budding, Saccharomyces, cyanobacterium, hormones
Chapter 31, pages 651-652 and 594-596
Dutch Elm Disease, Chestnut Blight, aflatoxins, carcinogenic, LSD, athlete's
foot, ringworm, Penicillium, phylogeny, Aspergillus, ergo, tinea,
mycosis, basidiocarp, Roquefort cheese, blue cheese, Alexander Fleming,
penicillin, syphilis
Chapter 31 articles "Ethanol" and "Nonsenses"
liver, enzymes, ethanol, ethyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid,
carbohydrates, lipids, cirrhosis, stimulant, depressant, vasodilation,
vasoconstriction, olfactory senses, gustatory senses
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Chapter 34
pages 698-707
vertebrates, Vertebrata, deuterostomes, extant, phylum(a), coelomate, notochord, pharyngeal
slits, post-anal, Chordata, cephalization, axial skeleton, appendicular
skeleton, endoskeleton, exoskeleton, tetrapods, amniote, agnathans, serpentine,
ossified, lateral line, central nervous system, chondrichthyes, clade
Chapter 34 pages 707-713
Chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, calcium phosphate, cartilage, buoyancy, olfaction,
lateral line system, oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous, cloaca, operculum,
swim bladder, tetrapod, buccal pumping, amphibians, Urodela, Apoda, Anura, tadpole, external
fertilization, internal fertilization, chytrid fungus, indicator species
Chapter 34 pages 713-717
Elephant Bird,
Amniotes, seed, amniotic egg, calcium carbonate, extraembryonic membranes,
keratin, chitin, metabolism, ectotherm, endotherm, amnion, chorion, yolk sac,
yolk, allantois, Jacobson's organ, asteroid, comet, Cretaceous period,
olfaction, pit-vipers, cold-blooded, warm-blooded, toxin
Chapter 34 pages
718-720
Alligator, honeycombed, gizzard, brooding, pectoral muscles, keeled sternum, keratin,
Archaeopteryx, ratites, passeriformes, preening, lactate, placenta, uterus,
gizzard
Chapter 34 pages 720-728
Homo sapiens, binocular vision, opposable thumb, brachiating, arboreal,
diurnal, nocturnal, paleoanthropology, anthropoid, Australopithecus,
opossum, rodentia, marsupialia, lagomorpha, primate, carnivora, artiodactyls, cataceans,
perissodactyla, chiroptea,
Chapter 34 pages 728-734
bipedalism, paleoanthropology, anthropoid, hominid, hominin, Homo sapiens,
Homo erectus, Homo ergaster, Homo habilis, Australopithecus sp., sexual
dimorphism, mosaic evolution, dentition, Turkana Boy, Beijing Man, Java Man,
Neanderthals, cannibalism
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Chapter 40, pages 852-858
anatomy, physiology, tissue, epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, simple epithelium, stratified epithelium, cuboidal, columnar, squamous, glandular epithelia, mucous membranes, collagenous
fibers, elastic fibers, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, tendons,
ligaments, strain, sprain, osteoblasts, plasma, red blood cells, white blood
cells, erythrocytes, leucocytes
Chapter 40, pages 858-861
neuron, axon, dendrite, interneuron, actin, myosin, skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle, involuntary muscle, voluntary muscle, lumen, striated,
mesenteries, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, surface-to-volume ration,
fusiform body shape, interstitial fluid, homeostasis, receptor, effector,
positive feedback system, negative feedback system
Chapter 40, pages 862-864
positive feedback, negative feedback, acclimatization, thermoregulation,
endotherms, ectotherms, poikilothermic, homeothermic, radiation, evaporation,
conduction, convection, integumentary system, adipose tissue, blubber, goose
bumps, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, sweat gland, follicle, sebaceous
gland
Chapter 40 pages 864-869
vasoconstriction, vasodilation, countercurrent exchange, heat, calorie,
kilocalorie, Calorie, gills, thermogenesis, hypothalamus, bioenergetics,
enzymatic hydrolysis, respiration, fermentation, metabolism, biosynthesis, ATP
Chapter 40 pages 869-872
basal metabolic rate, standard metabolic rate, BMR, SMR, inverse relationship,
ectotherms, endotherms, daily metabolic rate, torpor, hibernation, estivation,
aestivation, catabolism, anabolism
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Chapter 41 pages 875-878
nutrition, chemical energy, herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, opportunistic
feeders, organic molecules, essential nutrients, protein, biosynthesis, nutrients, carbohydrates,
fats (lipids), amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fat-soluble vitamins, kwashiorkor,
protein deficiency, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin C
Chapter 41 pages 878-882
mineral, calcium, phosphorus,
sodium, potassium, chlorine, iron, fluorine, iodine, hypertension,
undernourishment, malnourishment, marasmus, pellagra, anorexia, bulimia,
suspension-feeders, fluid-feeders, bulk-feeders, enzymatic hydrolysis,
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination, egestion
Chapter 41 pages 882-884
intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion, lysosomes, gastrovascular
cavity, alimentary canal, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, ducts, peristalsis,
sphincters, oral cavity, salivary glands, leukoplakia
Chapter 41 pages 884-886
salivary amylase, enzyme, salivary glands, sputum, saliva, glycoproteins, mucin,
bolus, pharynx, trachea, esophagus, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, diaphragm,
chyme, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, pepsinogen, Heimlich Maneuver, Adam's Apple,
gastric juice
Chapter 41 pages 886-888
stomach, ulcer, Helicobacter pylori, sphincter, cardiac sphincter,
pyloric sphincter, rugae, heartburn, acid indigestion, acid reflux, small
intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, sodium bicarbonate, trypsin, chymotrypsin,
protease, liver, bile, bile salts, lipids, gall bladder, mucus
Chapter 41 pages 888-890
small intestine, lumen, villi, brush border, microvilli, hepatic portal vessel,
liver, enzymes, toxins, large intestines, caecum, appendix, colon, rectum,
feces, defecation, hydrogen sulfide, methane, excretion, diarrhea, constipation,
flatus, flatuate, fiber, laxative, oligosaccharides, proctologist, laxative,
enema
Chapter 41 pages 890-896
dentition, herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, ruminants, caprophagy, glycogen,
lipids, protein, adipose tissue, obesity, gastrin, ghrelin, leptin, RDA
Chapter 41 article, "Bacteria Inside My Gut"
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Chapter 42 pp. 898-901
interstitial fluid, circulatory system, blood pressure, open circulatory system,
closed circulatory system, hemolymph, cardiovascular system, atria, ventricles,
arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, capillaries, systemic, stroke volume,
capillary beds, cardiac cycle, systole, diastole, cardiac output
Chapter 42 pp. 901-904
atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves, pulmonary artery, pulse, heart
murmur, self-excitable muscle, pacemaker, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular
node, EKG, ECG, EEG, epinephrine, adrenal gland, "fight or flight", hydrostatic
pressure, varicose veins
Chapter 42 pp. 905-907
lymph, lymphatic system, venae cavae, lymph nodes, plasma, white blood cells,
antibodies, β-lymphocytes, red blood cells,
platelets, immunoglobulins, hemoglobin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, pluripotent
stem cells, leukemia, fibrinogen, fibrin, hemophilia, thrombus
Chapter 42 pp. 907-912
cardiovascular disease, cardiac muscle, coronary arteries, stroke, embolus,
thrombus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, LDL,
HDL, ventilation, countercurrent exchange, tracheal system, thoracic
Chapter 42 pp. 912-915
platelets, clotting, hemophilia, multipotent, pluripotent, stem cells, bone
marrow, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, heart attack, CPR,
stroke, fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombus, embolus, bone marrow, cardiovascular
disease, plaque, myocardial infarction
Chapter 42 pages 915-919
LDL, HDL, lipids, proteins, transfats, aspirin, inflammatory response,
hypertension, atmospheric oxygen, ventilation, countercurrent exchange,
thoracic, abdominal, larynx, respiratory medium, respiratory surface, tracheal
system, spiracles, glottis, epiglottis, esophagus
Chapter 42 pages 919-921
windpipe, trachea, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, aveolus, alveoli, mucus
escalator, surfactants, exhalation, inhalation, silicosis, asbestosis, asthma,
ventilation, positive pressure breathing, negative pressure breathing,
diaphragm, pleurisy, tidal volume, vital capacity, residual volume, emphysema,
hyperventilation
Chapter 42 pages 921-927
oxygen, carbon dioxide, diaphragm, hyperventilation, respiratory pigments,
hemoglobin, hemocyanin, hemolymph, pigments, erythrocyte, arthropods, Bohr
shift, metabolic rate, myoglobin, mammalian diving reflex, Weddell Seals,
cartoid body
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Chapter 48 pages 1047-1049
neuron, dendrite, axon, Schwann Cell, myelin sheath, synapse, ganglia, sensory
neuron, motor neuron, affecter, effecter, interneuron, spinal cord, central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic, neurotransmitters, glia
cells
Chapter 48 pages 1055-1061
myelin sheath, Schwann cells, internodes, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's Disease,
neurotransmitter, node, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, nicotine,
endorphins, opiates, receptor sites, melatonin, botox, botulism, hallucinogenic
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Chapter 49 pp. 1064-1068
neurons, vertebrate, MRI, electromagnetic waves, taxis, cnidarians, nerve net,
cephalization, interneurons, anterior, central nervous system, ganglia,
peripheral nervous system, spinal cord, reflex, mallet, dorsal nerve cord,
central canal, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, white matter,
dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, glia cells, microglia, ependymal cells,
oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, radial glia,
Chapter 49 pp. 1068-1071
peripheral nervous system, afferent, efferent, cranial nerves, spinal nerves,
olfaction, motor system, autonomic system, sympathetic division, parasympathetic
division, enteric division, antagonistic, flight-or-flight response,
rest-and-digest, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, brainstem, cerebellum,
cerebrum, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, brainstem, medulla oblongata, pons,
optic lobes, homeostatic functions, arousal, sleep, reticular formation,
melatonin, serotonin, tryptophan
Chapter 49 pp. 1071-1073
electroencephalogram, cerebellum, hindbrain, pons, coordination, diencephalon,
thalamus, hypothalamus, eotorpithalamus, homeostasis, pituitary, circadian rhythms,
biological clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus, cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres,
corpus callosum, basal nuclei, cerebral palsey
Chapter 49 pages 1073-1078
epilepsy, seizures, cognition, cerebral cortex, neocortex, pallium, frontal
lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, primary sensory areas,
association areas, somatosensory receptors, thalamus, Broca's area, Wernicke's
area, lateralization, corpus callosum, split-brain effect, limbic system,
hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, Phineas Gage, frontal lobotomy
Chapter 49 pages 1078-1084
consciousness, philosophy, fMRI, PET scan, cerebral cortex, synaptic
connections, memory, learning, neural plasticity, short-term memory, long-term
memory, synapse, embryogenesis, hippocampus, associations (learning), motor
skills, long-term potentiation, schizophrenia, depression, major depressive
disorder, bipolar disorder, amphetamines, fluoxetine, lithium, cocaine,
stimulants, nicotine, heroin, dopamine, Alzheimer's disease, dementia,
Parkinson's disease
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Chapter 50 pages 1099-1101
vision, ocellus, ocelli, eyespots, eyecups, photoreceptors, compound eye,
single-lens eye, insects, crustaceans, ommatidia, facet, ultraviolet light,
electromagnetic specturm, pupil, iris, sclera, choroid, cornea, retina, lens,
ciliary body, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, neurons, optic disk, blind spot,
glaucoma
Chapter 50 pages 1101-1104
vitreous humor, retina, rods, cones, photoreceptors, nocturnal, fovea, retinal,
vitamin A, opsin, rhodopsin, bleaching, photopsins, color blindness, bipolar
cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells
Chapter 50 pages 1104-1108