Biology I—Chapter 2
The Chemistry of Life

After reading pages 35-36, I can:                   (terms)

1. name the basic unit of matter;  describe the origin of the term.
2. name the three subatomic particles found in the atom; give the charge associated with each.
3. name the two subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
4. tell which two subatomic particles are about the same size; tell which particle is known to be much smaller; give its relative size.
5. give the name for a pure substance made of only one type of atom.
6. tell how an element is generally represented by a chemist.
7. describe how an element’s atomic number is determined.
8. name the subatomic particle in an atom that CAN vary from atom to atom of the SAME element.
9. describe how the mass number of an atom is determined.
10. tell how the average atomic mass of an element is determined.

After reading pages 36-38, I can: (terms)

1. give the name used to describe an atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element.
2. describe how a chemical compound is formed.
3. give the name for the shorthand version used to denote a chemical compound.
4. tell what holds atoms in compounds together.
5. describe where valence electrons are located; tell why they are important in forming bonds.
6. name the two main types of chemical bonds.
7. give the name of the bond that is formed when one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom.
8. tell what happens to the “charge” on an atom when they gain/lose electrons.
9. give the name for a positively or negatively charged atom.
10. name the type of bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

After reading pages 38-42, I can: (terms)

1. name the structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds.
2. describe the effect of van der Walls forces.
3. tell why water is considered to be the “magic compound” on Earth.
4. give the name for a molecule that has unevenly distributed charges within it; show how the charges on the molecule are written
5. describe cohesion; give an example.
6. describe adhesion; give an example.
7. give the term that describes a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are combined but are NOT chemically bonded to each other.
8. give the term for a material that is formed when one substance dissolves and becomes evenly distributed throughout another.
9. contrast a solvent and solute.
10. give the term for a material that is formed when one substance mixes evenly with another (generally water) but the substance is NOT dissolved….rather the material floats freely due to its size and the motion of the (water) molecules.

After reading pages 42-43, I can: (terms)

1. show the equation for the disassociation of water.
2. tell what the pH scale shows; give the range of the pH scale.
3. give the value (factor) represented by each “step” on the pH scale.
4. tell what the pH value “7” represents; give the pH of pure water.
5. describe what makes an acid; give the range of values on the pH scale for acids.
6. name a strong acid produced by the human body.
7. describe what makes a base; give the range of values on the pH scale for bases.
8. give an alternate name that is sometimes used for bases.
9. give the pH range for the human body.
10. tell what buffers do.

After reading pages 44-45, I can: (terms)

1. tell what is involved with the study of organic chemistry.

2. state the number of valence electrons for carbon.

3. complete the following, “…a carbon atom can bond to other ??????, which gives carbon the ability to form ???????”

4. name and show the three types of carbon-carbon covalent bonds that can form.

5. tell what the term macromolecule means; name the process that forms macromolecules.

6. tell how monomers and polymers relate to each other.

7. name the four groups of organic compounds found in living things.

8. name the three elements found in carbohydrates; give their combining ratio in a carbohydrate molecule.

9. give the main use of carbohydrates in living things; give an alternate use.

10. name the complex carbohydrate (macromolecule) organisms use for storing “extra” energy.

After reading pages 46-47, I can: (terms)

1. give the organic name for the simple sugars; name the three simple sugars; tell where each might be found or how it might be used in nature.
2. give the name for large macromolecules composed of two or more simple sugars that have been chemically combined.
3. name the “animal starch” animals use for storing extra energy; name the organ that stores most of this material.
4. describe where the polysaccharide cellulose is found.
5. tell what happens when a lipid is placed in water.
6. name the three common categories of lipids.
7. give the main function of lipids; give two alternate functions they can also serve.
8. name the two parts of the most common type of  lipid molecule.
9. tell what it means when a lipid is said to be saturated; contrast this with unsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids.
10. give the usual room temperature state (solid, liquid, or gas) for saturated and polyunsaturated lipids.

After reading pages 47-48, I can: (terms)

1. name the two additional elements (along with C, H, and O) found in nucleic acids that are not found in carbohydrates and lipids.
2. name the monomers that form nucleic acids.
3. sketch and label the parts of a nucleotide.
4. give the function of nucleic acids.
5. name the two kinds of nucleic acids (practice the spelling); give the abbreviation for each.
6. name the four elements found in proteins.
7. name the monomers of proteins.
8. name the two chemical functional groups found at either end of an amino acid; draw each.
9. tell how many amino acids exist in nature.
10. *describe the function of DNA in the formation of proteins.

After reading pages 49-53, I can: (terms)

1.  tell what a happens in a chemical reaction.

2.  give the name for the elements or compounds that ENTER INTO a chemical reaction.

3.  give the name for the elements or compounds that are produced because of a chemical reaction.

4.  tell what must always be involved in a chemical reaction.

5. explain the concept of activation energy.

6. describe the function of a catalyst.

7. tell how cells use enzymes.

8. give the (collective) name of the reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

9. tell what happens at the “active site”; tell what the active site/substrate bond is often compared to.

After reading the article, "Don’t Give all Fats a Bad Name; Some of Them Are Good for You," I can complete the following:                            (terms)

1.  name the two categories of “smart fats” that are considered to be good for you.

2.  name the major natural (food) food source of omega-3s.

3.  name the two major natural (food) sources of monounsaturated fats.

4.  name the major natural (food) source of omega-6 polyunsaturated fats.

5.  name the “bad” cholesterol; name the “good” (healthy) cholesterol.

6.  name the prime dietary suspects when it comes to clogging your arteries; name some  of the major sources of this type of fat.

7.  tell where trans fats are found.

8.  *tell how trans fats are made.

9.  tell what you should look for on a food label to avoid trans fats.

10. in general, to avoid trans fats, what is one thing you should cut out of your diet.

After reading the article, Focus on Science:  Using Radioisotopes to Date Fossils, Track Chemicals, and Save Lives, I can: (terms)

1. name the scientist that first observed the effects of radioactive materials on photographic film.

2. give the name Marie Curie coined for the phenomenon described above.

3. give the name for unstable atoms that have a dissimilar number of protons and neutrons.

4. tell what happens during the process of radioactive decay.

5. give the term that describes the time it takes for half the nuclei in any given amount of a radioactive element to decay into another element.

6. describe the effects of temperature, pressure, chemical reactions, and other environmental factors on the half-life of an isotope.

7. name the most common carbon radioisotope;  tell what it decays into; give its useful range for dating fossils.

8. name the tracking chemicals that reveal a pathway or destination of a substance that has entered a cell, the human body, an ecosystem or some other “system.”

9. name the element utilized by the thyroid gland.

10. name the radioisotope that powers artificial pacemakers (devices that keep the heart beating at a regular pace).

11.  tell what a PET (positron-emission tomography) scan shows.

12. tell what is done during radiation therapy;  name the two common isotopes used in this therapy.

After reading the article “Acid Rain” I can: (terms)

1. give the average pH or normal rainfall.

2. name the acid that causes normal rainfall to be acidic;  name the two materials that form this acid.

3. name the two acids primarily responsible for acid rain; give the chemical formula for each.

4. give the two major sources of sulfur oxides.

5. give the two major sources of nitrogen oxides.

6. describe the technology that was used to mitigate (and is still used today) the effects of pollutants produced through the process of burning or smelting various materials.

7. *complete the following statement, “The solution to pollution is ??????!”

8. give the common name and chemical formula for a naturally occurring material that helps to buffer the effects of acid rain in certain locales.

9. give some of the effects of low pH on fish.

10. give some of the effects of low pH on plants.

11. *describe the process of nutrient leaching.

12. state the acid rain sensitivity level for South Carolina.